Comprehension 1 -- The Reformation The Church and the State In the year 1500, the Church (or what we now call the Roman Catholic Church) was very powerful ( politically and spirituall y ) in Western Europe. It ruled over significant territory in Italy called the Papal States . The Church was not the only powerful political force at work. There was the Holy Roman Empire made up of German speaking regions ruled by princes, dukes and electors. Rulers, monarchs or kings of Italian city-states, England, and nation-states of France and Spain were growing in power and wanted more power. For some time the Church had internal power struggles. This made the church weak. Popes and Cardinals often lived more like kings than spiritual leaders. Popes commanded armies, made political alliances and enemies, and, sometimes, even waged war. Simony (or the selling of Church offices) and nepotism (or favouritism based on family relationships) were rampant. Clearly, if the Pope was concentra...
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